Betty Grable: The Queen of the Movie Musical

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I've always had a soft spot for Betty Grable. I'm not precisely sure how she first came to my attention, but I'd be willing to bet it came from my Marilyn Monroe infatuation, and the fact the two ladies co-starred in HOW TO MARRY A MILLIONAIRE together in 1953.

Betty Grable started her movie career in 1929, at the very end of the silent era. She worked in a variety of B-movies throughout the 1930s, holding contracts with various different producers and studios. She was always singled out for her curvaceous body and girl-next-door cuteness, and she derived one of her first public nicknames from the film MILLION DOLLAR LEGS (1939), a low-budget comedy that publicized her soon-to-be famous legs. It was producer Buddy DeSylva that decided to champion her and bring her over to Broadway to star in DUBARRY WAS A LADY that same year. Her success in that show brought her to the attention of 20th Century-Fox studio chief Darryl F. Zanuck. At the time, Zanuck was looking for a capable musical actress to replace the suddenly ill Alice Faye, Fox's big musical star, in the film DOWN ARGENTINE WAY. Grable impressed Zanuck enough, and the rest, as they say, is film history.

Grable became the biggest moneymaker for Fox throughout the 1940s. She became their foremost musical star, starring in a succession of musical comedies, such as MOON OVER MIAMI (1941) and CONEY ISLAND (1943). Grable was the number one box office draw in America in 1943, and she was proclaimed the "Queen of the Movie Musical" by the press. Her "it girl" status was solidified when she posed for a pin-up picture shot by photographer Frank Powolny. It quickly became the best-selling pin-up picture of WWII, fueling Grable's popularity with war-weary soldiers and the general American public. Her status as a pin-up queen was used to its greatest advantage in the movie PIN UP GIRL, which was a big hit for Fox in 1944. Generally speaking, Grable's films were typically light on plot and drama, but high in energy in their musical numbers. Zanuck took the profits he got from Grable's musicals and pushed that money towards more prestigious projects. Grable's popularity urged Fox to promote actress June Haver in a similar manner, featuring her in several modestly-budgeted war-time musicals.

Her career was still going strong into the late 1940s with such successes as MOTHER WORE TIGHTS (1947) and WHEN MY BABY SMILES AT ME (1948), both co-starring Dan Dailey. Not even a dud such as THE BEAUTIFUL BLONDE FROM BASHFUL BEND (1949) could reverse her fortunes. She retained her status as the most successful actress in movie musicals. As Marilyn Monroe grew in popularity in the early 1950s, Fox slowly lost interest in Grable, and the film HOW TO MARRY A MILLIONAIRE is generally regarded as the moment where Grable "passed the baton" to Monroe as the biggest star for Fox in the 1950s. Grable's final movie, HOW TO BE VERY, VERY POPULAR (1955), suffered rewrites and cast changes, and was a flop at the box office. She effectively edged herself away from the silver screen thereafter, although she kept herself busy in nightclubs and the theater.

Any fans of this charming individual?
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This is a sweet, cozy little song about one's admiration of Betty Grable. It wasn't until just a few years ago that I even knew that this song existed. When I see her pictures, I hear tidbits of this song in my head now.​

 

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Betty Grable was the biggest box office star for 20th Century-Fox throughout the 1940s and early-'50s. As aforementioned, the profits generated from her films were ushered into more prestigious dramas and period pieces. Grable apparently enjoyed her cheery on-screen persona, and often rebuffed attempts by Fox chief Darryl F. Zanuck to broaden her audience appeal by casting her in more serious films. After making the film noir I WAKE UP SCREAMING and the WWII drama A YANK IN THE R.A.F. (both 1941), both which enjoyed critical and financial success, Grable steered away from making dramas in favor of starring in cheery musical comedies.

After 1942, Grable's films were exclusively photographed in Technicolor, which became a trademark for Fox in the 1940s to film romantic musical comedies in vivid color. She was the #1 box office draw in America in 1943, a year when she made such smashes as CONEY ISLAND and SWEET ROSIE O'GRADY.

Fox had brought Grable from Broadway to Hollywood in 1939 after Alice Faye suddenly became ill with appendicitis. Faye had been the studio's biggest musical film star for the last five years, but Zanuck felt that Grable would be a suitable alternative to Faye were Faye to refuse scripts or simply be unavailable for films that had been slated for her. Fox cast Grable in DOWN ARGENTINE WAY in 1940, a South American musical comedy that co-starred Don Ameche and Carmen Miranda. The female lead had been intended for Faye, but she was ill and unable to fulfill the assignment. When the film proved successful, Fox refocused their attention to Grable, who eventually became more successful than Faye at the box office. Grable and Faye co-starred together in TIN PAN ALLEY (1940), were they played sisters, and as reported, the two ladies enjoyed a healthy behind-the-scenes relationship despite rumors of a feud stirring concerning Grable's "taking over" from Faye as Fox's primary musical film asset.

(BELOW: Faye and Grable photographed in a still from the "Harem number" from TIN PAN ALLEY.)

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In time, Fox hired young actress June Haver as a cheaper alternative to Grable. Haver was signed by the studio in 1943, and made her film debut in THE GANG'S ALL HERE (1943), starring Alice Faye. Like Grable, Haver got her big break by replacing Faye in IRISH EYES ARE SMILING (1944), a role Faye declined for personal reasons. Over the next nine years, Haver starred in a series of moderately-budgeted and reasonably successful musical romances for Fox, with THE DOLLY SISTERS (1945) co-starring Grable.

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I haven't seen much of Bettty Grable's work -- HOW TO MARRY A MILLIONAIRE; maybe one or two of her early 40s musicals; her appearance on the Lucy-Desi special in the late 50s.

Hers was an interesting (well, not that interesting) persona. She was wholesome, but a bit too glamorous and sexy to be the girl-next-door type like, say, Donna Reed. Yet she wasn't glamorous and sexy as a Rita Hayworth. She was brash, but not obnoxiously so like Betty Hutton. Betty Grable's persona was unique, without being very dynamic.

Grable herself was pretty self-effacing; she noted in a later interview that she knew she wasn't a great actress or singer or dancer or even a great beauty. I guess her appeal was being likeable and just pretty enough to not be threatening.

Fox hired young actress June Haver as a cheaper alternative to Grable

Fox really liked having back-up threats to their successful actresses. Of course, it never worked out. June was no more successful at replacing Betty Grable than Sheree or Jayne could later supplant Marilyn.
 

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I haven't seen much of Bettty Grable's work -- HOW TO MARRY A MILLIONAIRE; maybe one or two of her early 40s musicals; her appearance on the Lucy-Desi special in the late 50s.

Hers was an interesting (well, not that interesting) persona. She was wholesome, but a bit too glamorous and sexy to be the girl-next-door type like, say, Donna Reed. Yet she wasn't glamorous and sexy as a Rita Hayworth. She was brash, but not obnoxiously so like Betty Hutton. Betty Grable's persona was unique, without being very dynamic.

Grable herself was pretty self-effacing; she noted in a later interview that she knew she wasn't a great actress or singer or dancer or even a great beauty. I guess her appeal was being likeable and just pretty enough not to be threatening.
Betty Grable's persona was definitely unique. You couldn't easily categorize her as "sexy" or "wholesome" because she was distinctly both. And yet she wasn't entirely either of them. As something of a precursor to Monroe, Grable occupied that blurring middle line between sexiness and girl-next-door vulnerability. Marilyn just intensified that when she took over from Betty at Fox in the early-'50s and immortalized it.

Betty's persona slid effortlessly from the early-to-late-'40s without any major changes. In the early-'40s, she was escapism for the oncoming World War; in the mid-'40s, she was the morale-booster for our servicemen overseas, giving them the sense of "what they're fighting for"; and in the late-'40s, she represented the optimism that all was going to end well post-war. And she did that all by making her formulaic musical romances where she was often clad in designer clothes or in outfits orchestrated specifically to showcase her world-famous legs.​
Fox really liked having back-up threats to their successful actresses. Of course, it never worked out. June was no more successful at replacing Betty Grable than Sheree or Jayne could later supplant Marilyn.
Well, June Haver wasn't necessarily brought in by Fox to keep Grable "in line" the way Sheree North and Jayne Mansfield were used by the studio to threaten Marilyn. For the most part, Grable enjoyed her time at Fox, and she gave the studio next-to-no issues whatsoever in making her films. She wrestled her way back from child birth very early to make DIAMOND HORSESHOE (1945), and was practically forced to take a vacation in 1946 because Zanuck didn't want to wear out his good luck penny.

Fox knew that Alice Faye was loosing interest in making movies, especially musicals, by the mid-'40s, and they needed someone to pick up the slack and take some of the pressure off Grable. That's where June Haver came in as a cheaper, younger alternative to make modestly-budgeted musicals. She wasn't necessarily a "threat" to Grable, but yet a companion piece, a colleague. Another actress making similar films, but yet with slightly lower production values to keep the profits high. Haver took over two roles originally meant for Faye in IRISH EYES ARE SMILING (1944) and THE DOLLY SISTERS (1945), while Faye herself was recouping from child birth hoping to be well in time to play Aunt Sissy in A TREE GROWS IN BROOKLYN, a role that instead went to Joan Blondell.

So, no, Haver wasn't used in the way Fox tried to use Sheree and Jayne a decade later. Marilyn gave the studio many issues, and Zanuck and his buddies hoped Sheree and Jayne would duplicate her success without the headaches. Instead, they found that Marilyn's success couldn't be easily replicated and that their stand-ins had their own problems: Sheree lacked any strong on-screen personality, and Jayne sabotaged her own career by her desperate need for publicity and the fact that half her contract obligations couldn't be fulfilled because of her multiple pregnancies.​
 

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I'm pretty interested in this Archives set that's online in a few different places. Sure, the quality of the films might not be too stellar, but they'll certainly be good enough for me. And these are three of Grable's musicals that aren't necessarily in strong circulation.​

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I've been skimming through some of the biographies the Internet Archive has of Betty Grable. It's been quite a while since I've done any significant digging into her life and career.

Betty was brought back to Hollywood from the Broadway stage in 1939 by Darryl F. Zanuck at 20th Century-Fox. Zanuck's biggest musical star, Alice Faye, had suddenly fallen ill, and he brought Betty in to save DOWN ARGENTINE WAY, a movie musical that would propel Betty to stardom. Despite rumors, Betty and Alice would get along quite well, and would co-star as sisters in TIN PAN ALLEY (1940). The two tried to work together again on at least two separate occasions, but the odds were never in their favor. Betty became too big a star to play second fiddle to Alice, and Alice was too established to make the transition back into being second fiddle for Betty.

THE DOLLY SISTERS (1945) was one movie Betty and Alice had hoped to make together. Zanuck cast Betty, and he wanted Alice to co-star, but the producer, George Jessel, pushed Alice aside in favor of his newest protege, June Haver. Fox was notorious for having back-ups for the most popular stars. Betty had originated her time at Fox as back-up to Alice, but she had become a full-fledged star on her own. Now June was being used as a back-up to Betty.

What surprised me most in these biographies I've been reading is Betty's behavior towards June. Everything I had read and repeated echoed the story that Betty and June got along well. But that cannot be further from the truth. Betty simply didn't like June. Apparently, Betty saw June as a legitimate threat and was angry that Fox and specifically George Jessel was generating so much publicity for her. June, as it were, was quite a goody-goody, and would make undermining remarks towards Betty and her occasional tardiness. THE DOLLY SISTERS set was tense and the movie would take some seven months to complete. Grable and Haver would never work together again, although there paths would cross again in the years to come. Haver would make THE DAUGHTER OF ROSIE O'GRADY (1950), a semi-follow-up to Grable's own SWEET ROSIE O'GRADY (1943), and Haver's final film, THE GIRL NEXT DOOR (1953), had been turned down twice by Grable.

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Poor Betty. Even on a decades-old thread, nobody has anything to say about her.

Even I don't have an opinion.

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Betty was lovely and pleasant, but those aren't the kind of vivid qualities that are remembered. She and her cheery, wholesome films were ideal for the war years but even by the early 50s -- the heyday of Dinah Shore -- Grable was fading. She never had a comeback or a great second act on TV. Even her Broadway work in the 60s is forgotten unlike the work of, say, Lauren Bacall or Angela Lansbury. Even among the niche of classic film lovers, she's pretty niche.
 

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Betty was lovely and pleasant, but those aren't the kind of vivid qualities that are remembered. She and her cheery, wholesome films were ideal for the war years but even by the early 50s -- the heyday of Dinah Shore -- Grable was fading. She never had a comeback or a great second act on TV. Even her Broadway work in the 60s is forgotten unlike the work of, say, Lauren Bacall or Angela Lansbury. Even among the niche of classic film lovers, she's pretty niche.
According to the biographies I've been skimming, it was Betty herself that wanted to stay sandwiched within musicals. Zanuck tried, on a few different occasions, to broaden her audience appeal (I WAKE UP SCREAMING; A YANK IN THE R.A.F.) when she was just becoming a big star, but Betty felt uncomfortable in those films. She insisted she was not an actress, but a star, a personality, and she would later refuse roles in films like THE RAZOR'S EDGE and even PICKUP ON SOUTH STREET. Betty was apparently terrified at the thought of these films, feeling her public would laugh her right off the screen.

Betty had a good solid decade during the 1940s. Every single one of her films was a hit -- some more than others, sure -- and she was sometimes the only female listed on the annual Top 10 box office stars. The quality of her movies is where critics and audiences eventually had their issue. Fox just eventually lost interest in Betty, partially because they had ran out of material for her. As early as 1948, there seems to have been plans to edging her out. They took to remaking her earlier films as early as 1950. WABASH AVENUE (1950) was a remake of CONEY ISLAND (1943), and CALL ME MISTER (1951) was a remake of A YANK IN THE R.A.F. (1941).

But, yes, Betty was niche. She was pure escapism, but I enjoy her films.

BELOW: Betty Grable, Darryl F. Zanuck, Marilyn Monroe, Lucille Ball, and Jimmy McHugh at Ciro's in 1953.

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Betty Grable's persona was definitely unique.

So, no, Haver wasn't used in the way Fox tried to use Sheree and Jayne a decade later. Marilyn gave the studio many issues, and Zanuck and his buddies hoped Sheree and Jayne would duplicate her success without the headaches. Instead, they found that Marilyn's success couldn't be easily replicated and that their stand-ins had their own problems: Sheree lacked any strong on-screen personality, and Jayne sabotaged her own career by her desperate need for publicity and the fact that half her contract obligations couldn't be fulfilled because of her multiple pregnancies.​
Just based on How to Marry a Millionaire, Betty had a unique presence that wasn't sexy nor wholesome. Her character in the movie was deep in her shallowness, but had a heart of gold. She was funny, warm, and really sold the romantic chemistry with her on screen love interest. It's funny that her career post mid 50s involved working in Vegas... I know in modern days that Vegas is a great money maker for famous people (I know Celine Dion, Shania Twain, and Cher did stints in Vegas).. but not sure if the case back in the 50s/60s.

What's interesting is that she was the original choice for the Lorelei Lee part in Gentleman Prefer Blondes.. but her demand for more money and control over what she wanted to star in resulted in them going with Monroe. Odd that Fox never learned that performers (male and female) had their own minds and couldn't be controlled so easily. In fact, she and Monroe got along doing the Millionaire movie and was wanting to work with her again in the How to be very very Popular movie.

In regards to Fox and their attempt at keeping Marilyn in line... even Sheree got in trouble with them because she refused one or two roles offered to her because she wanted to expand her range. The studio was trying to turn her into something she wasn't and I think the audience sensed that they weren't getting the real Sheree. I mostly remember her from guest spots on sitcoms in the 70s and 80s where she had this sarcastic and comedic presence. Maybe the studio should have pushed her into the types of roles that Jane Russell had.
 

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The studios would also offer stars sub-par material they'd refuse so that that studio could place them on suspension repeatedly in order to extend their contracts and keep them there for years beyond what they'd originally signed for. (Olivia DeHavilland eventually broke that system).

But the studios were always trying to control their roster of stars just for 'control' sake. Even coercing them to change their names as soon as they signed -- even when their birthnames were perfectly suitable. (e.g., Barbara Stanwick was born Ruby Stevens, Mailyn Monroe was born Norma Jean Baker, the studio even tried to re-name Bette Davis as "Betina Dawes" --- but then, they were right to force Joan Crawford to drop her Lucille Le Seuer birthname).

Donna Adams, a perfectly good name, was changed to "Donna Reed" (which makes no sense at all).
 

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when she was just becoming a big star, but Betty felt uncomfortable in those films.

Part of her self-effacing charm and self-awareness. While it's possible she underestimated herself, she seemed very aware of her limitations.

Likewise, I admire the good grace in facing the end of her movie career. She made a few attempts in the early 50s but seemed to accept her time was over. No comeback folly, no indignity of sliding down the cast list into supporting roles, no grade-B westerns or horror schlock. She just moved on with her life.
 

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Part of her self-effacing charm and self-awareness. While it's possible she underestimated herself, she seemed very aware of her limitations.
Betty was quite frank about her limitations as an actress. She was also vocal about her personal preference for working in musicals. She found them fun and didn't view them as work or as her job. She was at home in musical comedy, and she was more than happy to stay there.

From what I hear, Errol Flynn was the same way. He never viewed himself as an actor, and was quite open about what he should and shouldn't do when came to his film roles.


Likewise, I admire the good grace in facing the end of her movie career. She made a few attempts in the early 50s but seemed to accept her time was over. No comeback folly, no indignity of sliding down the cast list into supporting roles, no grade-B westerns or horror schlock. She just moved on with her life.
Betty knew Fox was trying to edge her out by the late-40s, and she really saw the writing on the wall in the early-50s. She was literally remaking her own movies, and once Marilyn came on the scene, she knew Fox had found their new golden girl. To her credit, though, Betty got along famously with Marilyn, eventually telling her, "I've had mine honey! Now go and get yours!" on the set of HOW TO MARRY A MILLIONAIRE in 1953.


What's interesting is that she was the original choice for the Lorelei Lee part in Gentleman Prefer Blondes..
I'm glad this movie ended up being Marilyn and Jane Russell. The two of them had great chemistry, and they turned a standard musical comedy into a cinematic classic.


regards to Fox and their attempt at keeping Marilyn in line... even Sheree got in trouble with them because she refused one or two roles offered to her because she wanted to expand her range.
Sheree North was briefly suspended from Fox for turning down roles, and Jayne Mansfield caused her own issues by her over-publicity. And even June Haver caused her own issues while she was under contract.

So even Fox's backups gave them trouble.
 
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